The history of the development of science
Abstract. This article focuses on the history of
development of science. It firstly discusses the relation between human
being and their efforts to know environment around them and to solve
their daily problems by trial and error method. The next generation
develops their inventions by examining, researching, and inventing the
new one. It secondly proves that knowledge and sciences are across
culture and civilization by explanations of development of sciences from
ancient era like Egypt and Greek to medieval era like Islam and
Medieval Europe and their last transformation to Modern Europe and
Western civilization.
Keywords: history, knowledge, science, ancient civilizations, medieval era of Islam, modern Europe, contemporary Western civilization
Prefatory " the written history of containing a recording of a very
sporadic ", and not fully fledged so gordon childe wrote, " about what
has been humans do in all parts of the world for five thousand years ".
Ideally history is a recording about all the incidents which have
occurred; that serves as pengungkap everything in accordance with the
existing fact in the slightest degree, without distortion but in reality
he just uncover partly the incidents iabc and can ' t off completely of
engineering that is usually done by a ruler in politics.
Although the phenomena of this kind of never happen, but this cannot be
regarded as the problem of trifling even must be extended, because it
involves and affect life as actor history of the next generation to the
next.
Moreover, the history of what is meant is the history of science which
is an important factor in human life.
Thus, and the need of earnest endeavor
Before explaining the history of the development of science, writers
have to reveal a glimpse of the differences between knowledge and
science of order not to be stuck on a misunderstanding about both so
that the reader can understand easily and true what it means to the
history of the development of science in this paper.
Science is part of the science that terklasifikasi, tersistem, and
measurable way and demonstrable truth in an empirical manner.
Meanwhile, knowledge is that the whole of knowledge which has not
arrayed, either regarding the metaphysical and physical.
Can also be said to be knowledge is information in the form of common
sense, meanwhile, the science is part of being taller than as it had
methods and a certain mechanism.
So the science of more specific rather than knowledge, but not mean that
all knowledge is knowledge.
Brief description above drive us to the conclusion that that mean
science here is the science not knowledge.
Science beraneka-ragam.
Maskoeri jasin science divide into three categories large.
First, social science which includes psychology, education,
anthropology, ethnologically, history, economy, and sociology.
Second, natural science which includes physics, chemical, and biological
( botany, zoölogy, morphology, anatomy, physiology cytology, histology,
and palaentologi ).
Third, science earth and space that covering geology ( petrologist,
vulkanologi, and mineralogy ), astronomy, and geography ( physiography
and geography biology ).
Because it scope science, writer focus only on history development
partly science from time to time the recorded by literatur-literatur
history and mentioning partly figure behind discovery theory science and
its development.
Science olden time
In outline, prov bakhtiar divide periodeisasi history of science: into
four periods in the ancient greeks, in the days of islam, on the
renaissance and modern and in the contemporary.
Periodeisasi it contains three possibilities.
First, disclaim knowledge of tersistem before the ancient greeks.
Second, absence of historical data about the science of ancient greek
prior in age to the us.
Third, deliberately not bakhtiar mengungkapnya in his book.
If that happens, the first then information about the names of religious
texts which adam know, for example, excluding the science but only a
knowledge of economics.
If true, second possibility it is no means knowledge tersistem found
only starting in the ancient greeks, but he preexisting just information
not until us.
If a third possibility is done hence writers need for keterb
mengungkapnya even just a glance.
According to George j. Mouly, the beginning of science can be disusur up at the beginning of mankind. No doubt that early humans had discovered some of the empirical nature of the relationship that allows them to understand the State of the world. The early humans also known as pre-Columbian history. According to Soetriono and SDRm Rita Hanafie, the history starts approximately 15,000 to 600 years b.c. At present human knowledge develops further. They have been acquainted with reading, writing, and arithmetic. Their culture began to develop in certain areas, namely Africa's Egypt, Sumeria, Babylon, Nineveh, and China in Asia, Maya and Inca in Central America. They've been able to count and recognize numbers. Although somewhat different from the opinion, Muhammad Husayn Haykal (1888-1956) argues that a more specific source of civilization for over six thousand years ago (about 4000 BC) was Egypt. Time before it put people into.
According to George j. Mouly, the beginning of science can be disusur up at the beginning of mankind. No doubt that early humans had discovered some of the empirical nature of the relationship that allows them to understand the State of the world. The early humans also known as pre-Columbian history. According to Soetriono and SDRm Rita Hanafie, the history starts approximately 15,000 to 600 years b.c. At present human knowledge develops further. They have been acquainted with reading, writing, and arithmetic. Their culture began to develop in certain areas, namely Africa's Egypt, Sumeria, Babylon, Nineveh, and China in Asia, Maya and Inca in Central America. They've been able to count and recognize numbers. Although somewhat different from the opinion, Muhammad Husayn Haykal (1888-1956) argues that a more specific source of civilization for over six thousand years ago (about 4000 BC) was Egypt. Time before it put people into.
In spite of differences of opinion concerning the beginning of history,
and pra-sejarah conclusions may be drawn that the science born along
with the people on earth just naming the sciences that usually appear
later.
Emphasis on usefulness and should be prioritised app. inclined than he
worded it.
This theory applies generally against some - not to say all - discipline
from generation to generation.
Armed with brain experience, and symptoms observation of nature human
ancient goods certainly has already set of knowledge can help them to
life.
Set of this knowledge will more the longer neatly arranged because this
is characteristic of basic science.
If we denying any particular discipline they have, then we will be
difficult to answer questions: could they can survive without any
provisions years?
Selanjutnya mouly mention evidence against pernyataann sequentially .
The civilization of ancient Egypt, for example, left his high-quality
relics such as the pyramids, temples, and the system of penatanan of the
city. These relics could not exist without the knowledge that they
have. The process of building the towering pyramids and is composed of a
large selection of rocks could not be separated from mathematics and
architecture. So did with their magnificent temples development process.
In the meantime, the city need Setup system architecture and
administration. In other words, the historical relics showing the
existence of certain studies that they have so that they can realize
their dreams into reality. According to Richard, Egypt is the most
prominent Center brings the first civilization to Greece or Roman
Empire.
Meanwhile, according to betrand russell, in the babylonian born a couple
of things appertain science: day division into twenty-four hours,
circular into 360 degrees, the invention of the cycle of an eclipse that
allows the occurrence of an eclipse of the moon can diramal well
pinpointed and a solar eclipse with some estimates.
Knowledge the peoples of babylonia this up into the hands of thales,
greek philosopher.
Science of ancient greece
Ancient greece is identical with philosophy.
When the greek words as then who terbesit in mind the following kajian
could be sure is scientific philosophy.
Whereas philosophy in simple understanding was far before the classical
greek philosopher and by her.
Philosophy at their hands besomething highly prized for development of
science in successive generations later.
He is such an opening doors various variegated the discipline influence
felt until now.
So common when generations after feel indebted to him including also
mediæval muslims in ad even until now.
Without study and develop inheritance greek philosophy it harder for
muslims merengkuh keemasannya times that time.
So also westerners without assessing development greek philosophy
developed by muslims it difficult for them reëstablish never having
their civilization.
Period greek philosophy is period very important in history human civilization for when this happened change the mindset humans from mitosentris be logosentris. From the process of this is then science develops from the uterus of philosophy finally we celebrate in the technology. Therefore, period of development greek philosophy is entry points to enter civilization new of mankind. This is the starting point humans with the ratio to scrutinize and also questioning himself and nature of the universe.
Period greek philosophy is period very important in history human civilization for when this happened change the mindset humans from mitosentris be logosentris. From the process of this is then science develops from the uterus of philosophy finally we celebrate in the technology. Therefore, period of development greek philosophy is entry points to enter civilization new of mankind. This is the starting point humans with the ratio to scrutinize and also questioning himself and nature of the universe.
The first natural philosopher who examines the nature of the origin is
the Thales (624-546 BCE), after which the Anaximandros (610-540 BC),
Heraklitos (540-480 B.C.), Parmenides (515-440 BC), and Phytagoras
(580-500). Thales, dubbed the father of philosophy, have argued that the
origin of nature is water. According to the first substance
Anaximandros is eternal, infinite, and include everything named apeiron,
instead of water or soil. Heraklitos viewed the universe is always in a
State of change. For him that is fundamental in the universe is not
material, but the actors and the cause of the fire. In contrast to
Heraklitos, Parmenides argues that reality is a unified whole, do not
move and do not change. Phytagoras argue that numbers are the primary
elements of nature and at the same time be the size. The number of
elements that are even and odd-numbered, limited and unlimited. Services
of Phytagoras is huge in the development of science, especially
mathematics and the natural sciences. The science that developed later in the day to this day relies heavily
on mathematical approach. So any ideologies have different views about
the ins and outs of the universe. Difference of views is not necessarily
a negative, but thus is the richness of the treasure of science. Proven
most their views inspire a generation later.
After they then appears several philosopher a sophist as a reaction to
insatiability them against the answer of the philosopher nature and
divert their research from the natural world to human beings.
For them, man is the measure of the truth as revealed by protagoras (
481-411 bc ), the main character them.
This view was the forerunner of will of humanism.
According to him, the truth is subjective and relatively.
As a result, there will be no absolute size in ethics, metaphysics, and
religion.
Even he not taking his mathematical theories have absolute truth.
Besides protagoras there are gorgias ( 483-375 bc ).
According to him, sensing cannot be trusted.
He is the source of an illusion.
Sense also not capable of persuading us about the universe because sense
we have been gaffled by dilemma subyektifitas.
A positive influence the movement of the house of a sophist enough feels
because they stirred up the spirit philosophizing.
They don ' t provide an answer the final about ethics, religion, and
metaphysics.
The views of the philosopher sophist disanggah by the philosopher
afterwards as socrates ( 470-399 sm ) plato ( 429-347 sm ) and aristotle
( 384-322 bc ).
According to them there are truths objective that is hinged to humans.
Socrates proving reasonable objective truth manwith using methods that
is practical and run through conversations.
He said a universal truth can be found.
To plato, essence couldhave reality in the idea.
Contrived general truth is not even have existed in nature idea.
Classical greek philosophy of aristotle had its peak at hand.
He was a philosopher first divide philosophy on what ( logic,
theoretical metaphysics, and physics ) ( ethics, and practical economy
and political ).
Division of these will be a guideline for the classification in the
future.
He is considered the father of science as able to lay the foundations
and scientific method sistimatically.
Because thus meresapnya and old
the influence of the teachings of Plato and Aristotle, A.N. Whitehead
notes that the whole philosophy and life are both truly is a mere
proposal proposals against their teachings. The opinion is not entirely
correct because Whitehead Muslims, for example, in addition to
developing their philosophy, they also do some innovations in the
philosophy of Greece that has Islamic characteristics.
The Classical Period Of Islamic Science
The sciences, further islamic as exegesis hadis, process, usul process,
and of theology has been growing since the early days of islam until
now.
Specifically in the field of theology, muktazilah regarded as the bearer
thoughts rational.
Nasution, according to aaron rational thought develops in the days of
islamic classics ( 650-1250 m ).
This idea was influenced by the perception of how high a rational
intellect as contained in al-qur' or landwehr and hadis.
Perception met with this same perception of greek through philosophy and
science of greece are in the cities of central greek civilization
classical antiquity, in the islamic world as alexandria ( egypt ),
jundisyapur ( iraq ), antakia ( syiria ), and bactra ( persian ).
W.
Montgomery watts added more detailed that when iraq, syiria, and egypt
occupied by arabs in the seventh century, science and greek philosophy
developed in various learning center.
There is a school famous in alexandria, egypt but then transferred first
got to syiria, and then - at about years 900 m - to baghdad.
Kolese the nestorian christians in jundisyapur, learning center most
important, bore doctor doctor istana aaron al - rashid and its
replacement of about a hundred years.
Resulting from contact this kind of, the vicegerent and the leader of
the other muslim realized what to be learned from science greece.
They mengagendakan to translate a number of an important book will
translate.
Some translation is conducted in the eighth century.
Translation seriously started in the reign of al - ma ' mun ( 813 - 833 m
).
He establish bayt al - Hikmah, an agency special translation. From that point onwards, there was a massive flood of
translation. Translation continued throughout the ninth century and most
of the tenth century.
some Muslims also is studying logic and philosophy. Call it al-Kindi,
al-Farabi (950 M), Ibn Sina or Avicenna (1037 M), al-Ghazali (1111 ad),
Ibn Bajah or Avempace (1138 M), Ibn Tufayl or Abubacer (1185 M), and Ibn
Rushd or Averroes (1198 M). According to Felix Klein-Franke, al-Kindi
is credited creating the philosophy and science of Greece can be
accessed and building the Foundation of philosophy in Islam from rare
sources and hard, some of which is then passed on and developed by
al-Farabi. Al-Kindi is eager to introduce the philosophy and science of
Greece to fellow users of the Arabic language, as he had tandaskan, and
against the Orthodox theologians reject foreign knowledge. According to
Betrand Russell, Ibn Rushd is more well known in the Christian
philosophy of Islamic philosophy. In the philosophy of Islam he was
over, in her new-born Christian philosophy. Its influence in Europe is
huge, not only against the scholastic, but also at most of the other non-professional free-thinkers, who defy eternity and
called the Averroists. Among professional philosophers, the admirers of
the Franciscan is first of all and at the University of Paris. Ibn
Rushd's rationalism that inspire the West in the middle ages and begin
to rebuild their civilization which had slumped over the centuries being
formed by the birth of the Renaissance or the enlightenment.
The renaissance and modern science
Michelet, historian, was the first to use the term Renaissance.
Historians commonly use this term to denote various period revival of
intellectual property, particularly in Europe, and more specifically in
Italy during the 15th century and 16th century. A little hard to
determine a clear boundary line between the medieval, Renaissance, and
modern times. One might say the middle ages ended when the advent of the
Renaissance. Some people consider that the modern age is simply an
extension of the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a period of
development of civilization is located at the end or after the dark ages
to appear modern. The Renaissance era of history full of progress and
change the meaning to the development of science. The main
characteristic of Renaissance humanism, individualism, sekulerisme,
empirisisme, and rationalism. Science is growing because the spirit and
the empirisisme, while Kristen is getting left out because the spirit
and the empirisisme, while Kristen is getting left out because the
spirit of humanism.
An inventor in the field of science in the Renaissance (15th-16th
century AD): Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), Johanes Kepler
(1571-1630), Galileo Galilei (1564-1643 M) and Francis Bacon
(1561-1626). Copernicus discovered the theory of heliosentrisme, that
the Sun was the center of the universe, rather than the Earth as a
geosentrisme theory propounded by Ptolemy (127-151). According to him,
the Earth has two kinds of motion, i.e. the daily rotation on its axis
and annual motion around the Sun. This theory gave birth to a revolution
of thought about the universe, especially astronomy. Kepler is the
astronomer Copernicus, the affected Germany's teachings. He found that
the orbits of the planets are elliptical; that the planet moves faster
when it is near the Sun and slow when away from it. Galileo is an
astronomer who conducted observations of telescopic Italy and confirmed
the idea of Copernicus that the Sun-centered solar system. Inkuisi the
fear of discovery and forcing him to leave his study of astronomical. He was also instrumental in establishing
the law of trajectory, motion and acceleration. He was the discoverer of
the planet Jupiter, which is surrounded by four months.
Next figure inventor in the field of science on modern times ( century
17-19 m ): sir isaac newton ( 1643-1727 m ), leibniz ( 1646-1716 m ),
joseph black ( 1728-1799 m ), joseph prestley ( 1733-1804 m ), antonie
laurent lavoiser ( 1743-1794 m ), and j.j. Thompson.
Newton is inventor the theory of gravity, calculus, calculation and
optika underlying natural science.
In the newton, the science that develops are mathematics, physics, and
astronomy.
In the period next science chemical to study very interesting.
Black was a pioneer in examination qualitative and inventor co2.
Prestley discovered nine kind of eve no and oxygen among others can be
produced by the plant.
Lavoiser is that established the basis of chemical science as we know it
today.
J.j. Thompson discovered the electron.
With this his discovery then the assumption that atoms is the smallest
and start science new in the skeleton kimia-fisika namely nuclear
physics.
Development of science in the 18th century has been delivered of science
like taxonomy,
economy, calculus, and statistika, while in the 19th century were born
pharmakologi, geofisika, geomophologi, palaentologi, archæology, and
sociology.
In the later stages, the sciences modern times affect development
science times contemporary.
The contemporary science
The difference between modern times with the days of contemporary namely
modern times is the era of the development of the science of which was
started since around the fifteenth century, while the days of
contemporary is the era of latest happened until now.
The development of science in the days of these involve almost all the
field of science and technology, the social science as sociology,
anthropology, psychology, economy, law, and political eksakta like
physics, as well as the sciences chemistry, aplikasi-aplikasinya and
biology and genetic engineering, in the field of technology information,
and communication.
The days of contemporary identical with reconstruction, of
deconstruction, and inovasi-inovasi technology in various fields.
Target reconstruction and of deconstruction usually theories social science, eksakta, and philosophy existing preexisting, while inovasi-inovasi technology is getting quick as we witnessed and ride right now. Technology is the result of developments science developed from generation to generation. Computer is the result of developing from the development of electricity ( electronics ) which in early his discovery by faraday unknown with it. Discovery bulb by edison overtaken by discovery radio, television, and computers. 35 of a computer expands in pc private ( computer ), laps top, and last simuter namely computer type pda ( personal digital assistans ). 36 all this example was evidence that discovery technology as fruit development science still pertaining to findings earlier are then developed with physical size the increasingly small, but having diverse excellence bigger.
Target reconstruction and of deconstruction usually theories social science, eksakta, and philosophy existing preexisting, while inovasi-inovasi technology is getting quick as we witnessed and ride right now. Technology is the result of developments science developed from generation to generation. Computer is the result of developing from the development of electricity ( electronics ) which in early his discovery by faraday unknown with it. Discovery bulb by edison overtaken by discovery radio, television, and computers. 35 of a computer expands in pc private ( computer ), laps top, and last simuter namely computer type pda ( personal digital assistans ). 36 all this example was evidence that discovery technology as fruit development science still pertaining to findings earlier are then developed with physical size the increasingly small, but having diverse excellence bigger.
One of the results technology wonderful and controversial is technology
genetically engineered of technology clone.
Dr.
Gurdon of cambridge university was the first to do this technology in
1961.
Gurdon successfully manipulate eggs frogs so that grow into a tadpole
clone.
In 1993, dr.
Jerry hall succeeded to clone human embryos with technique cleavage.
In 1997; dr.
Ian wilmut succeeded in cloning the mammals first by birth sheep that is
named dolly.
In the same year born oxen cloning first given which gene.
In 1998, researchers at the university hawaiian led by dr.
Teruhiko wakayama succeeded in cloning the on rats and mice by more than
five generation.
In 2000 prof.
Gerald schatten got apes cloning that is named tetra.
After various success cloning technique that ever been used, the experts
actually more planning to implement technique cloning in human.
Closing
Table above not includes all science, for by jujun suriasumantri,
science today, have evolved to about 650 branch.
Beside there are pemberdayaan between the natural sciences or to natural
science with the social science, known also by fine distinctions
science and the applied sciences.
The rapid progress in science, according to chalmers, estimated since
400 years ago, that is, since copernicus, galileo, kepler, and more
clear since francis bacon in the 15th century and 16 as philosophers
science being posited the need of a method in studying experience.
Bacon emphasized that experiment and observation intensive is a
cornerstone development of science.
The facts on determining that studies development cannot be released
from curiosity large accompanied by earnest efforts through reasoning,
an experiment, consummation; and take bold high risk are so as to
produce discoveries that are useful for a generation and become a
reference consideration for the next generation to correct, refine;
develop, and find the invention of the next.
Factors this is what then becomes for the rapid development of the
science which the rationale behind the more the rapid his discoveries in
the field of technology that sometimes make some people lulled hence so
that are not aware that part of the science of being abused could be a
serious threat to their lives.
Important points to be noted here is the rapid development science must
be balanced with moral-spiritual human development, because as we know,
development science besides positive impact, he also negative impact for
human life.
Positive impact is getting ease human life, while negative impact is
getting threatening their lives.
Hence, to order human life in this world to preserve, science and
development should be accompanied by development moral-spiritual human
beings themselves.
Development science without development moral-spiritual can be a threat
to human life as can we been feeling lately of abuse nuclear technology.
Similarly development moral-spiritual without accompanied development
science can make part man less creative this happened to christians in
the dark ages of europe.In other words, between the brain and heart have to get the attention being balanced.
History has been prove it.
History is a discipline of sciences which has the validity of the truth that high that to be a material to take heed ( ibrah ).
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